Thinking Outside The Box On State Terrorism - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Thinking Outside The Box On State Terrorism. Answer Transition of Terrorism There has been a growing debate that in the current decade nature of terrorism has been changing from its core. Until September 2001, the World Trade Center, the symbol of the economic power of America, stood under the Statue of Liberty, a sign of American freedom. However, on that day the commercial airlines were hijacked and changed into flying bombs by terrorists. The towers of World Trade Center and Pentagon were crashed in Washington DC. The toll of death was highly reduced from the initial estimations. Thus, the most horrendous terrorism in history emerged out of a clear blue sky. Hence the proposition made at the very beginning is evaluated in the following study. The arguments are illustrated with few recent examples. It also includes the difference between the old terrorism the and the new one . These are demonstrated through discussing the prominent and extreme religious-based ideologies. This includes the sponsoring and financial supports. The media representing of terrorism and so one are also assessed in the study. The old terrorism was found to be influenced by political motives. However new terrorism has been impacted by the extreme religious beliefs, especially the followers of Islam. The terrorists claim that their path is only the true one (Rourke 2017). The people coming in their path should be killed. These kinds of great indiscriminate violence are devoid of any political objective and are meant to destroy society. The new age terrorists are more eager to involve in more complex and risky acts. It is found in the clash of monotheistic faiths Judaism and Christianity have made a peace treaty with each other. Most of Islam has been trying to do the same. However there are certain fanatic sects within them, demands the submission of all to their central authority. Thus they work to form a single form of their society under Sharia Law (Gaibulloev, Piazza and Sandler 2017). Every institution of civilizations like religion is an admixture of god and reverse effects. For instance, the state promotes the welfare and limits freedom at the same time. Similarly, religions are found to preach love and community along with conquest and incompatibilities. Human civilization is the simultaneous evolution of homo-sapiens along with its burdens. Various motives have been cited for suicide bombings. This extends from religious sanctification to take revenge against Western policy towards hatred against Israel. For the Muslims, there have been various emerging patterns found from killing infidel enemy by suicide attacks and to allow their subordinate female to take part in suicide attacks. For example, recently a suicide bomber of this kind struck in a mob at Nangarhar, located at east Afghanistan. This attack underscored poor security where eight people were killed. The terrorist approach the people on foot at Jalalabad the provincial capital. There, they were discussing in support of their local police force commander who was sacked and there was a demand for his reinstatement. Those eight people were all civilians (Sarma 2017). Moreover, fifteen people including minors were wounded because of this explosion. Further, the funny part was that the Islamic State Group had claimed the responsibility regarding this attack. The term terrorism entered historically into the European dictionary while the 1789 French terrorism took place. At that time violence was utilized by the Paris government for reluctantly imposing a new order (Younas and Sandler 2017). Thus, the initial definition of terrorism indicated a system of rule of terror. Despite all these, the word is used for defining the recourse towards violence by the small groups for achieving political change. To compare the old and new, terrorism, the primary aspects to be considered are goals, organization, goals. Thus modern terrorism is justified on the religious background. The new ones are found to have ambiguous missions at a systemic level and valuing the destruction for their sakes (Combs 2017). The old terrorism has been more comprehensible and restricted to particularly with their roots within political ideology. New terrorism, though not much further, has altered the purpose in the last decades. The point of view of modern terrorists has been related to the pursuit of the mass causalities. Since the goals have been religious, the new terrorists have been seeking to kill more people they could (Lynch and Argomaniz 2017). At the maximum time, the related Islamic terrorists have enhanced mainly in the sectors like weaponry and communications, transport because of massive development in globalization. Further, for analyzing the various methods utilized by an old and new terrorist, they are distinguished into two categories. They are the jihad terrorists and secular terrorists. In the case of secular terrorism, violence is stated to be calibrated carefully. They have been going far enough to gain the objectives (Camilleri 2017). As they have been killing more people, they have been sticking to the political objectives since they know that indiscriminate killing would never produce success. Thus terrorists have seemed to be more interested too, have lots of people watching not a many people dead. Features of new terrorism have been precisely having been the lacking of state backers. The terrorists have been developing new economic resources. Thus they have been less dependent on the sponsors of the state. The expense of new terrorism has not been based on the money received from the sponsors of the state (Saygili 2017). However, on other illegal sources such as drug trafficking, fraud of credit cards, video piracy. These also have investments in the legal business, charities, donations from various wealthy people and Diaspora. The U.S. has classified Iran as the foremost state sponsor of terrorism. They have alleged that the nation has to provide comprehensive support like financial, training and equipment to those fanatic groups across the globe, notably Hezbollah. This allegation on Iran is since 1984. The state-sponsored terrorism indicates the deliberate use of terrorism or assistance to terrorist organizations as the tool of foreign policy that is done against various other nations or groups of people (Becker 2017). This also refers to the direct attacks by the state of the support of terrorist organizations by the provisions of sanctuary, training, funding and weapons. From the time that Iran Hostage Crisis took place in 1979, one of the popular hallmarks of the Iranian regime is its frequent usage of terrorism against the U.S. and their allies across the world and tying to terrorist organizations. Further to carry out those direct attacks, the nation of Iran committed terrorism through proxy by Taliban, Hamas, Hezbollah. This also included militias in Iraq, Syria, Bahrain and the Gulf along with a plethora of the additional terrorist groups (Van Gils and Yrk 2017). The country has a long history of attacks from terrorists against the U.S. and various other Western nations. This included carrying out of abductions, hijackings and bombings. From their founding in 1979, Iranian regime employed terrorism as the primary tool for advancing its interests and strike all their foreign and domestic enemies. Thus the U.S government has labelled the Islamic Republic of Iran as most active state sponsored by terrorism. The U.S. designated Iran as this since 1984 (Sageman 2017). The countries tolerating at least some activities has been long and not been confined to the Middle East and even to states that are ruled by the aggressive dictators. For instance, France has allowed different Middle Eastern terrorist groups for operating with impunity in the 1980s. U.S. allowed the umbrella group representing anti-Tehran Mujahedin-eKhalq for lobbying at the U.S. till 1997 (Lynch and Argomaniz 2017). The effect of terrorism has been involving promoting, recruiting and mobility. This could also be done globally or locally. Here, the aim has been to get to the target and then get away. The attack could take place at the hills of South Waziristan and has been carried out in London. The current shape of terrorism has also been exploiting the rise in intercontinental connections of flight and poor immigration control and customs in various nations to move across the world (Waddock and McIntosh 2017). Terrorists have often been trying to attack the official property and personnel like military forces and diplomatic missions. The notable incidents have been including shooting at Canadian Parliaments in Ottawa on October 2014. The shootings at different army sectors across Chattanooga USA in July 2015 and the shooting of a policeman in Australia during October 2015 is an instance of this (Metaxas and Kechagia 2017). The attackers target military and police as they merely relate to the state and the public facing nature making them reasonably accessible to low sophistication attacks. The higher mobility terrorists and proliferation of the terrorist cells blurred different organizational lines. Global terrorism has turned out to be less working with the diverse and well-defined teams than the networks of individuals and of ill-defined and consistently shifting. These cells have been containing members of more than one nationality, with the affiliations towards more than one group. The groups have been cooperating to procure false documents and move operatives (LEVEY 2017). A blurring of organizational lines has made that increasingly hard to find the responsibility for terrorist activities. Networks have made that plausible in describing much that has been going on the world of a terrorist as linked out this or that leader or group like Usama Bin Laden. However, the linkage never necessarily meant the operational control. The underground activities for replenishing and expanding the movements have been ranking as the other initiations in the society. The terrorist groups have been engaging in the process to recruit new members (Lynch and Argomaniz 2017). This is the process to attract, screening and finding what has been considered to be newly qualified individuals for positions in any organization. Moreover, like the similar civilian counterparts, the terrorist groups have been conducting recruitment process outsource and outsource. The process is done by retaining the services of professional recruiters who have been the part of the external networks. This has been irrespective in-country where they have been operating or within the other nations where their systems are established beachheads (Hillebrand 2017). Further, with the rise of the social media and Internet, recruitment by the terrorist groups has also been taking place in the cyberspace. The recruitment processes of terrorists, unlike thei r civilian counterpart, has been taking place covertly as the underground activity, whether on cyberspace or ground away from possible. After the demonising took place, the Israelis and Jews along with citing Islamic sources depicted Jews negatively and culminating with the ongoing libels and lies portraying Jews reversely as the immediate threat towards Palestine existence and life (Richter 2017). Authority of Palestine or PA instigated violence against the Israelis and Jews, presenting that as legitimate and also heroic self-defence. The promotion of PA has been taking various forms. The PA has been actively elevating nationalistically as a heroic and valid mean in achieving the political goals (Lynch and Argomaniz 2017). On the other hand, killing and fighting the Jews religiously have been displayed by PA the academic and religious leaders as the creators will repeatedly. At the social level, the Palestine leaders and society honour and the most loathsome of murders have portrayed them as the heroes and role models. For example, Dalal Mughrabi who has been leading a bus hijacking where thirty-seven has been killed comprised of schools, summer camps and various other events (Adelakun and Adnan 2017). This also included places baring the name to immortalize and glory her and the terror attack. Thus the success of promotion of PAs violence has been evident readily. Most of Palestine has been supporting killing and suicide terror against the Israelis and Jews. There was a poll conducted after the murder of 8 teenag ers took place. They were studying in a high school of Jerusalem in 2008. It was found that more than eighty percent of Palestine has been supporting that murder. Thus Palestinian religious, political and social systems have justified and have been promoting terror and violence. The Hamas, Fatah and Palestine have developed huge cultural, social and educational networks that are aimed at children promoting and glorifying terror and violence (Humphreys 2017). These are taught through cultural events, TV mascots, schoolbooks and educational videos. There is a saying that violence begets violence. Various evidences has been emerging that shows the reporting of violence can trigger future attacks (Hillebrand 2017). The sensationalist media coverage regarding various terrorist acts has resulted in more amounts of those kinds of acts. Graphic videos showing the beheadings and released over Internet have made the terrorist groups to an internationally feared brand. For example, whether it has been al-Qaida, Taliban, Boko Haram or current ISIS, the fundamentalism has been everywhere over radio, newspaper or TV channels (Holland and Rabrenovic 2017). Thus the terrorists require coverage of media for spreading the message, creating fear and then recruit followers. Paper presented at the annual European Economic Association Congress in Germany showed that the suicide bombings get more media coverage. This is due to their rise in popularity among the terrorist groups. The official media replaced by Internet at the end has been much simpler to use, quicker and more effective. Thus Internet has arguably replaced differently riles of printed media. Hence for the first time, fundamentalists could take any message and pictures they decide straight to the online world. Since the messages and stories reach the common people through old or new media, they utilize the publicity particularly in recruiting efforts (McCarthy and Menager 2017). The Internet has simply raised the opportunities for activities and propagandas of terrorists. It has turned into a perfect tool for the terrorists as per as their operational goals with small risk and expense. Besides this other form of powerful media includes videos, video games, novels, popular music, DVDs, audiocassettes that must not be underestimated. The terrorists in general embrace the latest information. They have been following the latest technological developments to turn to be innovative and use the most up graded communication technologies (Gardner 2017). Despite all this, it has not been necessarily indicating the absolute shift from the trends and old technologies. For example, few terrorists are still found to depend on hawala which is an informal network of the currency exchange dating back to the 8th century (Hillebrand 2017). The advent of the Internet in the 1990s, with the focus on a free exchange of data without censorship, has supplied the international audience regarding freedom movement, different groups and many more manifestos. This included the bomb-making manuals, speech videos, executions, attacks that could be found quite simple over the Internet. Regarding the high degree of operational and technological competence, the examples include communication tools like satellite phones and mobiles and email and web services for planning the further terrorist attacks. Present cities of Syria has led to various Britons to move abroad to fight with communities like Isis (Ilyas, Mehmood and Aslam 2017). With capitalizing the growth, Isis has been fighting more cyber and using slick videos, online messages of hatred and also app aiming to radicalize and create latest generation of the cyber jihadists. Those current tools have been helping Isis to spread the propaganda and ideologies to various online symp athizers around the globe. The groups have been using social media sites like Twitter, Facebook and Youtube for recruiting their future members. Ass this ate done via images and streaming violent online viral videos those are professionally edited or filmed targeting impressionable and young people (Zaid 2017). Through portraying a glamorized and a cool image, ISIS fighters have started to act as the latest rockstars in a field of global cyber jihad. Therefore the Internet has turned into a virtual background for extremists ideas to get reinforced and then act as the echo chamber. For example, presently there has been estimated to be at least 750 British travelling to Syria for fighting against the forces of President Assad. Under this heightened scenario, the hydra global insurgency from the plethora of those extremist groups at Iraq and Syria has come out to have all the links to a fundamentalist narrative. The threatening communities like ISIS posed online indicated that government of UK has been in a constant fight to remove the material of online extremists (Jensen 2017). They have removed about 15000 elements related to jihadist propaganda. It has included an online video of recruitment that titled Theres No Life Without Jihad. This featured three British fighters encouraging and glamorizing individuals to emerge and fight for ISIS. However, the video reappeared and has been available on YouTube and crossed over 42000 views (Lynch and Argomaniz 2017). The latest terrorist communities comprise of a networked organizational structure. It comprises of different members having same authoritative rights, and reporting structures that are more flat denoting a cell structure. They have moved towards decentralization (Downes and Hobbs 2017). Thus every one of the various leaders has been independently responsible for carrying out those terrorist activities (McCarthy and Menager 2017). The first shift of structure of terrorism has been resting in downsizing the enemies. For example, huge armies are not seen in Al-Qaida (McCarthy and Menager 2017). Instead, there has been a rise in facing of enemy forces in little teams and even individuals. As per as the operational perspective, those are the micro-targets with the macro-targets that have been operating in a global exchange of ideas, data and people (Hewitt 2017). Enemies, their tactics, their battlefield, their tradecraft has been all evolving at the force of globalization itself. The current debate, with many times disagreement among the allies, has been reflecting the new reality and the new method of war. The existing groups of today have been tending to adapt or organize to scopes available in the network model. Additional variants professing the ideology have possessed more defined impacts on the internal organizations. The Maoist or Leninist groups have been tending towards various hierarchical structure and centralized control (McConaghy 2017). Categories related to terrorism along with political organization or activities need this hierarchical framework for coordinating terrorist violence with the legislative action. The examples of this include the observing cease-fire agreements or avoiding the specific targets supporting the political aims (McCarthy and Menager 2017). Besides, al-Qaida opted to go for a hierarchical organization to the much more networked organizations. Similar to communist cells, terrorist cells of Osama Bin Laden intended to overthrow the contemporary governments. However, unlike the communist ones, they have been organized and specialized. His cells were extremely ad hoc in functioning. The planning cell for a single operation might be tapped as the execution cell for the upcoming. Various members of submarine and sleeper cells have lived in the target nations for various years (Ghatak and Prins 2017). They have been inactive until activated. As per as former aides of Laden, there has been a century of sleeper cells around the U.S. Thus various attacks have possessed no previous records. The execution cells ate brought forward at the last stage of the attacks. They use resources as supplied by the other cells. The latest way to practice terror by terrorists has been distinct from the conventional military approach. Along with war, there has been no run on different beliefs, the targets have been no more military or government but various nations as a whole (Ghatak and Prins 2017). They have been running clandestine attacks including buildings important for attack and destroying innocent lives. There have been a couple of viewpoints on a relationship between asymmetric warfare and the terrorism. At current context, the asymmetric warfare has been considered as the element of fourth generation warfare. As practised outside different laws of war, this has been referred as terrorism. However, it has rarely been done by the practitioners and the supporters. Another view is that asymmetric warfare has never been coinciding with what is called terrorism (Bilgel and Karahasan 2017). Utilization of terror by much lesser Mongol forces to create and control Mongol empire is seen as a kind of asymmetric warfare. Another one is the use of state terrorism by superior Nazi forces in Balkans. This is the attempt to suppress resistance movement. For example conflict between Palestinian and Israel like Islamic Jihad and Hamas has been a classic instance of this type of asymmetric warfare. The Palestinian groups never had access to huge-scale military equipment to conduct operations. Rather they have been using an asymmetric strategy like small gunfights, cross-border sniping and rocket attacks (LaFree, Xie and Matanock 2017). Another example of this the conflict on Kashmir between India and Pakistan where Pakistan has been claiming territorial rights to the area of Kashmir a state of India where Pakistan engages in proxy wars on various occasions. Latest terrorist organizations have been more like multinational organizations. They have been spread around various geographical boundaries. For instance, AL Qaeda is found to have the presence around the world, where the members have been coming from different nations (de la Fuente 2017). Recently terrorist networks have been evolving and moving away from dependency on state sponsorship. Various dangerous groups and people have been operating as the non-state actors. Through taking benefits of porous borders and the international, interconnected systems, transit, communications and finance, the terrorist organizations have been reaching all the corners of the world. As some has been focusing on the local or national political dynamic, the others have been finding to impact the global change. Al-Qaeda has been at the forefront of the trend (Shay 2017). From the base the borderlines between Pakistan and Afghanistan, al-Qaeda network has been spread widely. They have established braches or the affiliates elsewhere including North Africa, Southeast Asia and Yemen. As driven by Salafi ideology and then characterized by opposition to Western influence and aim to create a global Islamic caliphate, al-Qaeda has destroyed thousands of lives extending from Baghdad to Bali to Ma drid (Frey and Osterloh 2017). The alluring ideology of the group has continued their reach and prompted some people outside their direct command to undertake violent actions. Threats from al-Qaeda have been proving global, multifaceted and have been complicated to track and contain. This has been continuing to pose most prominent risks of terrorism. Various other organizations have also been emerging and operating with their individual distinct goals outside traditional hotspots and networks (Shay 2017). The U.S.A. and Europe have not been immune to terrorism under the borders. The global diffusion of this threat needs a comprehensive reaction providing resolutions at international, regional and national levels. This has been addressing not only the processes but also factors contributing to spread of terrorism (Ghatak and Prins 2017). Using of modern tools, weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear weapons and the suicidal bombers, the unpredictability of places of attack and untraditional attack processes such as cyber-terrorism have created a primary part to the concept of new terrorism. Modern supplies materials or weapons that could be changed to weapons (Zulaika and Murua 2017). In turn, these devices have been more powerful than the techniques and instruments used in the past. These are used to destroy a large number of people considerably. Destructive weapon of the homemade explosives or weapons-grade explosives has been raised from Second World War (Ghatak and Prins 2017). Examples of biological weapon include the allegation against China that states that the USA caused cholera epidemic in Hong Kong in 1961. Again Egypt was accused in 1969 that imperialistic aggressors to use biological weapons on the Middle East mainly causing an outbreak of cholera at Iraq in 1966 (Child and Breyer 2017). As per as chemical weapons are considered, 35 Kurdish fighters were wounded in 2015 August. This happened in a chemical attack while fighting ISIS terrorists. One source from Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons stated that the laboratory tests revealed mustard gas had also been used (Ljujic et al. 2017). Moreover, on August 21, ISIS also launched a chemical attack on Marea town against children and women. Radiological weapons put merely are a degree of carcinogenic effect from low levels of radiation exposure. This has lead to a rise in a risk of delayed development of problems like cancer. For example in the incident of Goiania, about two hundred people recognized contaminated at emergency response centers (Larsson 2017). Here about fifty were admitted for future treatment. And, all these resulted in the death of five people ultimately. Oleg Khingsagory, a Russian hot arrested at Georgia in February 2006, with three Georgian accompanies carrying 79.5 gm of 89% HEU. It is an example of nuclear weapons used for mass destruction. Another example is Alexander Litvinenko poisoning with radioactive polonium in November 2006, representing an ominous landmark (Neo et al. 2017). Latest terrorists never have any community as their enemy. Hence they possess no hesitation to attack the innocent people, especially civilians. The targets have been mainly critical infrastructure. This destruction has been possessing serious socio-economic effects on the nations. Instances of this are exchanges, hospitals, railways and national icons (White 2017). As accepted at the national level, destruction, degradation or rendering unavailable, the critical infrastructure has been profoundly affecting the economic and social well-being of the nation, or modified for assuring national defense and the security (Aghedo 2017). For example, the terrorist attacks condemned against the passenger trains at Madrid during 2004, and that on international airports in Istanbul and Brussels in 2016, has raised awareness regarding vulnerabilities states having the effect of those attacks (Ghatak and Prins 2017). From old terrorism, the vulnerability has raised quickly in communication and information technology interlinking various critical infrastructure systems (Ljujic et al. 2017). Cyber-attacks against the essential infrastructures have been turning to prevalent. Surveys from sector indicated that they have thought to be right in scale, set to be more precise and accurate. When the killing of innocent people is discussed the example or civilians killed in Yemen in 2013 could be taken. This took place as the US drone targeted vehicles that have been the part of wedding procession marching towards the village of the groom. In old terrorism, the classic case has been killing in self-defense (O'Day 2017). However, in the present era, the attackers have been deliberate to aim the innocent lives. All these are done to spread fear among the civilian population. Further, they try to force the government to alter their policies. One thing is needed to be kept in mind that the term innocent needs a clear unpacking. For example, the thousands of lives destroyed in World Trade Center were innocent never meant that they have been living a morally impeccable life (Heath-Kelly and Jarvis 2017). The audience has been beyond the spectacular events of the victims attracting media attention. The psychological effect gas has been staged carefully and well thought out act where symbolism has been crucial (Ghatak and Prins 2017). The publicity has been the existence of the cause. A revolutionary message is broadcasted. The reason is widespread anxiety and fear. The provoking is a strong reaction to bringing people to the cause. All these traits come under the umbrella of the expression terrorism as theatre. The security theatre has not been the real security. However, terrorism is a theatre. The terrorists are playing the role of efficient producers (Barcel and Labzina 2017). Due to them, the passengers in planes insist on throwing off people who seem to be Middle Eastern. Reciting prayers, cosmetics, the dogs and the smoke detectors are the reason to investigate terrorism /. The ever-more-intrusive security is put up that has been accomplishing a little. Saying in a different term, terrorism is a theatre. The activities done by them are not their goal. This has been the act intended for provoking the emotional reaction in the audience. The audiences are overeating same as wanted by terrorists. It must be forgotten that through they have been succeeded to blow up a dozen airlines over Atlantic, the air travel has been still safe than driving (Coccia 2017). The point of this terrorism has been creating terro r. At many times they need to achieve a political goal and many times these are done out of just sheer hatred. The human beings killed by the terrorists have not been the targets. They are only snares of collateral damages. Additionally, blowing up planes, trains, markets and buses has been not the goal. They are just tactics. The actual targets of them are the rest of humanity who are not killed but gets terrorized due to killing. The practical point of terrorism has been not the act but the reaction towards the action (Ljujic et al. 2017). The peace has been a vital part of human lives. The war on terror has been destroying the unity of various civilizations. For ensuring world peace, many nations are working hard through undertaking effective initiatives. Bigotry, sectarianism and their dreadful descendants, terrorism have been long capturing the beautiful world. They have been filling the planet with violence. The land is drenched very often with bloodsheds. Civilizations have got destroyed. The whole nations are sent to despair. Without these horrible demons, the society could be far more advanced than now. To eradicate that permanently wholly the world should help others such that rising menace could be countered quickly and easily. The world, especially the Muslim world, must be convinced that the religion of peace is getting hijacked by fundamentalists. The union of equality and liberty could only be gained through the power of brotherhood. Human mind claims freedom. This is the freedom of self-development, self- development of man in all his being. 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